[RE-wrenches] AC Coupling Standard?

Harry Mahon Michael.Mahon at sma-america.com
Fri Dec 2 12:45:41 PST 2022 

Wrenches - I have been informed that my response in prior email is not correct. Correction below
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Per PG&E Rule 21, the inverter is required to begin reducing its output if the line frequency is 60.036 Hz.  At 60.136 Hz (0.1 Hz higher), power output must be reduced by 5% of the nameplate rated output.  At 60.236 Hz (0.2 Hz higher), it must be down by 10%, and so forth.  At 61.036 Hz (1.0 Hz higher), it must be down 50% from the nameplate rating.



A 5.0 kW inverter that may happen to be generating only 2.5 kW already meets the 61.036 Hz (+ 1.0 Hz) requirement by being down 50% from its nameplate rating.  If this reduction is due [say] to atmospherics, and the cause of the reduction (i.e. cloud cover) goes away, the inverter cannot increase its output above the power level allowed by Rule 21 for that frequency, even if more power is available from the PV.
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So it might be that such an inverter would still need to be pushed to slightly above 62Hz to be at close to zero output....

And another thing that was pointed out for clarification – I only included PG&Es Rule 21 requirements. SCE and SDG&E have their own versions of Rule 21 just to make everything as clear as possible. If you want to compare find links for these three utilities here (click on the “Rule 21 Tariff” links:
https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/Rule21/

Best –
Mike


Michael Mahon
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From: RE-wrenches <re-wrenches-bounces at lists.re-wrenches.org> On Behalf Of Harry Mahon via RE-wrenches
Sent: Thursday, December 1, 2022 5:47 PM
To: RE-wrenches <re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org>
Cc: Harry Mahon <Michael.Mahon at sma-america.com>
Subject: Re: [RE-wrenches] AC Coupling Standard?

Definitely it is possible for newer grid-interactive inverters.  However, for grid-tied operation, the utility that runs the grid sets the rules (and sets the setpoints as it were), and it can be confusing....

Looking at PG&E’s Rule 21 tarriff (submitted Aug 12, 2022, effective Nov 4, 2022) Freq-Watt reuirements are:
“When system frequency exceeds 60.036 Hz, the active power output produced by the Smart Inverter shall be reduced by 50% of real power nameplate rating per hertz (5% of real power nameplate rating reduction per 0.1 hertz)”
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So a 5kW inverter needs to ramp at 2.5kW/Hz.  But if it is only producing 2.5kW, it has to be at 0W at 61.036Hz.....

Mike


This raises a new question. Can the newer grid forming and grid following inverters be configured to have a tighter Freq/Watt response?
We've run into a situation where some electronic loads behave erratically when the frequency goes to 62 Hz.
Eric Smiley
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On Thu., Dec. 1, 2022, 16:07 MD Electric & Solar via RE-wrenches, <re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org<mailto:re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org>> wrote:
And this is why we LOVE the RE-wrenches list. This is a question that all of us have had.  Always good questions and answers! Thanks All!

On Thu, Dec 1, 2022 at 9:39 AM Jeff Clearwater via RE-wrenches <re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org<mailto:re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org>> wrote:
Wow. Now THAT was an education. So appreciate you Harry for taking the time to answer so thoroughly!  It’ll take me a few to digest and come back with any follow ups.  And so appreciate SMA for paving the way!
Sent from my iPhone

On Dec 1, 2022, at 10:56 AM, Harry Mahon <Michael.Mahon at sma-america.com<mailto:Michael.Mahon at sma-america.com>> wrote:

Jeff – THAT is a bunch of loaded questions! My thoughts..

Let’s start at the end.  NO, SMA did not create any “standard”.  Sunny Islands have been utilizing FSPC (now commonly called Frequency Watt control) for more than 15 years, and someone decided that the window of frequency to control Sunny Boy PV output would be 61-62Hz for 60Hz nominal SIs. Others on the list may have personal knowledge of the actual decision making process (Sam?); that is before my time at SMA.

The SI FSPC was only used in off-grid or micro-grid mode (no utility grid present) when the SI was free to set AC grid frequency where it wanted. If the SI & SB were set up in grid-tied battery backup mode (where the Sunny Boy normally operated in grid-tied mode with no FSPC operational, 60.5 Hz seen as “bad grid (0 W output)” according to “old” UL 1741 testing), the SI would dynamically, via communications signal, change the SB into offgrid mode with “Freq-Watt” enabled, operating from 61Hz (no curtailment of output) to 62Hz (0 W output from SB). SB was kept in off-grid mode as long as SI was forming microgrid, and when the grid came back, the SB would be put back into grid-tied mode when the SI closed the connection to the grid 5 min later.

This required two sets of operating parameters in the Sunny Boy and a method to switch between the two as Freq-Watt was not required for any grid interactive inverters in US until around 2017. Ensuring a normally grid tied inverter can recognize an external signal to switch to microgrid mode with new operating parameters is challenging, especially if AC coupling equipment from different manufacturers.

But now some utilities want Freq-Watt operation in grid-interactive inverters, so it is conceptually possible to set Freq-Watt on the grid-interactive inverters, and have this function work BOTH in grid-tied and microgrid mode without needing any signal/mode/parameter change if the grid is lost.

I believe pre-SA versions of UL 1741 had testing for grid-interactive inverters to support Freq-Watt (and this would be when grid-tied) but this function was not enabled. UL 1741 SA definitely tested inverters to ensure they supported this function.

Buuuutttttt, it depends on which Source Requirement Document (SRD) the UTILITY (HECO, CA ISOs like PG&E, SCE and SDG&E, and those in ISO NE territory) decides to implement whether or not the Freq-Watt function is enabled when connecting to their grid AND what setpoints determine the operation (e.g. what freq the ramp starts at and how fast power goes down with increased frequency).

So, there is not currently any “standard” for implementing this for grid-interactive inverters. Has anyone on this list activated Freq-Watt on an inverter where the utility does not require it (with the utility’s blessing of course)?

Even with all the noise around the impending requirement of UL 1741 SB, I don’t think utilities will require Freq-Watt be enabled until PV penetration is noticeable. And then they still can choose their own setpoints.

I think it will remain the discretion of manufacturers how their equipment operates in microgrid mode, but without a standard set of parameters for Freq-Watt operation required for grid-tied operation I don’t see any “common standard” for microgrid Freq-Watt settings.

Michael Mahon
Senior Technical Trainer, Solar Academy
SMA America

From: RE-wrenches <re-wrenches-bounces at lists.re-wrenches.org<mailto:re-wrenches-bounces at lists.re-wrenches.org>> On Behalf Of Jeff Clearwater via RE-wrenches
Sent: Thursday, December 1, 2022 7:33 AM
To: RE-wrenches <re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org<mailto:re-wrenches at lists.re-wrenches.org>>
Cc: Jeff Clearwater <jeffc at villagepowerdesign.com<mailto:jeffc at villagepowerdesign.com>>
Subject: [RE-wrenches] AC Coupling Standard?

Hey Esteemed Wrenchies,

Does anyone know if manufacturer's are using any common standard for AC Coupling frequency shift algorithms?

Is it part of any UL standard?  Seems like since it's a battery charge control issue it needs some rigor?  Are manufacturer's just copying each other?  Did SMA's Sunny Island/Sunny Boy set that standard?

Curious!

Best

Jeff C.

~~~~~~~~~~~
Jeff Clearwater

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